Cohen V. Cowles Media Co - 1031 Words

Katie Sterritt COMM 441 March 3, 2017 Case Study - Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. Cohen v. Cowles Media Co was a United States Supreme Court case holding that the First Amendment freedom of the press does not exempt journalists from generally applicable laws. Cohen, the Plaintiff, was a campaign associate in the 1982 Minnesota gubernatorial race. He gave court records concerning another party’s candidate for lieutenant governor to the St. Paul Pioneer Press and the Minneapolis Star and Tribune (both owned by Cowles Media Co, which was the Defendant). Though he had received a promise of confidentiality from the reporters, the papers identified Cohen in their stories. He was fired as a result. Cohen sued the papers in state court, alleging a†¦show more content†¦What happened in this specific case is that the newspapers published the name of their source without permission. In this case, the press was not even immune from its sources because the source wished to remain anonymous and the journalist wishes to disclose it. The current laws of the land, and the gray areas of forecasting potential consequences of publishing a story with confidential sources places the press in a very precarious situation (â€Å"Shield Laws in the Unites States†). Which brings up the question of shield laws protecting those who ask the reporters for their names to be kept anonymous in the story. The outcome of the case was that it was submitted to the jury on the theory of breach of contract and misrepresentation (â€Å"Case Briefs†). The jury that was on this case found liability on both counts and awarded $200,000 in compensatory damages and $250,000 in punitive damages against each newspaper for misrepresentation. The Court of Appeals set aside the misrepresentation damages, but affirmed the compensatory damages. The State Supreme Court affirmed the setting aside of punitive damages. Also, decided that the compensatory damages were not enforceable under standard breach of contracts theory. In regards to the Supreme Court, it found that, in a majority decision, that against respondent’s claims that it had no jurisdiction. They cited the Orr v Orr case of 1979 of whether the arguments inShow MoreRelatedEssay about Elements of the Law of Contract2666 Words   |  11 Pagesin the case of Shadwell v Shadwell[1860] would be sufficient consideration. Consideration was first associated with debt such as in the Pinnels case and had subsequently spread to other simple contracts. This has been criticized by Lord Mansfield in 1756, and was in view that it could only be treated as evidence of the parties intention and held that a moral obligation should be sufficient consideration. It was only in the case of Eastwood v Kenyon[1840] that Lord Denman Read MoreUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 Pagestheoretical approach in the initial stages of each new mass communications medium: newspapers, radio and television, and now the Internet. Although scientists are likely to continue using traditional tools and typologies to answer questions about media use, we must also be prepared to expand our current theoretical models of uses and gratifications. Contemporary and future models must include concepts such as interactivity, demassification, hypertextuality, and asynchroneity. Researchers must

Essay on Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun - 1050 Words

What Happens to a Dream Deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore– And then run? (Langston Hughes). It is important to never lose sight of one’s dream. Dreams are what keep people moving in life, but if they are ignored, they may morph and lose their prevailing form. This is evident in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, as Walter’s, Beneatha’s, and Mama’s dreams become delayed, distorted, and blurred. Walter has long dreamed of making his family’s condition better, of giving them wealth that his low-paying job is unable to do. Nature appears to be against Walter and his family, for they are living in a poorly maintained tenement apartment while surrounded with racism. Walter understands this†¦show more content†¦Mama implies that the money was more than just currency, but what is left of her husband’s dream to bring success to his family. She is terribly disappointed with Walter for losing all of the money so easily, and not putting it toward to what he promised. Because of this great loss, Walter is still left with no money. His dream to become wealthy is now at the bottom of the gutter, all over again, and he has to work even harder as well as gain his confidence back in order to fish it out. Beneatha, being somewhat of an outcast, understands that she does not have to follow the status quo of her society by becoming a housewife, so she decides to work hard in order to become a doctor. Beneatha wants to fulfill this dream because she realizes that she enjoys helping people, as she explains to Asagai after the money is stolen, â€Å"That was what one person could do for another, fix him up — sew up the problem, make him right again† (III.i.900). Beneatha wishes to help people by taking care of them and ridding them of their problems. She does not want to become the typical, by standing woman that is not able to help if there is a dilemma. Even after Willy runs off with all of the money, Asagai offers Beneatha a way to achieve her dream of becoming a doctor. Beneatha reveals this wonderful opportunity to Mama as they exit their apartment, â€Å"To go to Africa, Mama -- be a doctor in Africa†Show MoreRelated Raisin in the Sun Essay: A Dream Deferred1327 Words   |  6 PagesDream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun  Ã‚     Ã‚   What happens to a dream deferred? (l. 1) Langston Hughes asks in his 1959 poem Dream Deferred. He suggests that it might dry up like a raisin in the sun (ll. 2-3) or stink like rotten meat (l. 6); however, at the end of the poem, Hughes offers another alternative by asking, Or does it explode? (l. 11). This is the view Lorraine Hansberry supports in her 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun. The drama opens with Walter reading, Set off anotherRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun: A Dream Deferred Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† (Hughes l. 1) Langston Hughes asks in his 1959 poem â€Å"Dream Deferred.† He suggests that it might â€Å"dry up like a raisin in the sun† (Hughes ll. 2-3) or â€Å"stink like rotten meat† (Hughes l. 6); however, at the end of the poem, Hughes offers another alternative by asking, â€Å"Or does it explode?† (Hughes l. 11) This is the view Lorraine Hansberry supports in her 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun, in witch she examines an African-American’s family’s struggle to breakRead More A Raisin in the Sun Essay: Importance of Deferred Dreams734 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Deferred Dreams in A Raisin in the Sun      Ã‚   A dream is a hope, a wish, and an aspiration. Young people have dreams about what they want to be when they grow up. Parents have dreams for their childrens future. Not all of these dreams come true at the desired moment - these dreams are postponed or deferred. A deferred dream is put on the back burner of life(Jemie 219), and it matures to its full potential, and is waiting when you are ready to pursue it(Jemie 219). It isRead More A Comparison of the Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem1407 Words   |  6 PagesA Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem In Lorraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard-working, honest African-American family struggling to make their dreams come true. Langston Hughes poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those dreams never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited dream is thwarted by economic and social hardships. Each of the characters in A RaisinRead MoreDreams Deferred in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun736 Words   |  3 PagesHansberry’s classic play, A Raisin in the Sun, culls its title from the infamous poem â€Å"Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes, and both works discuss what happens to a person when their dreams -- their hopes, their aspirations, their lives -- are endlessly put on hold. For this analysis of the dreams and character of Beneatha Younger in Raisin, I would like to pull on another dreamy poem of Langston Hughes’ entitled â€Å"Dream Boogie.† Like all the characters in the play, Beneatha has dreams that are dear to herRead MoreEssay on Dreams Deferred in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun915 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lorraine Hansberry, the author of A Raisin in the Sun, supports the theme of her play from a montage of, A Dream Deferred, by Langston Hughes. Hughes asks, â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† He suggests many alternatives to answering the question. That it might â€Å"dry up like a raisin in the sun,† or â€Å"fester like a sore.† Yet the play maybe more closely related to Hughes final question of the poem, â€Å"Or does it explode?† The play is full of bombs that are explosions of emotion set off by the frustrationRead MoreAnalysis of Harlem (A Dream Deferred) and A Raisin in the Sun855 Words   |  4 PagesIn Langston Hughes’ poem, the author gives us vivid examples of how dreams get lost in the weariness of everyday life. The author uses words like dry, fester, rot, and stink, to give us a picture of how something that was originally intended for good, could end up in defeat. Throughout the play, I was able to feel how each character seemed to have their dreams that fell apart as the story went on. I believe the central theme of the play has everything to do with the pain each character goes thruRead MoreWhat Does You Dream Deferred? Lorraine Hansberry s Play, A Raisin And The Sun ``942 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Happens to Dreams Deferred? Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, addresses the hardships of an African-American family living in the projects of post-segregation Chicago. The family aspires to fulfill their dreams of owning a home despite the odds they face. W.E.B Du Bois critical race theory explains the issue of racism and white dominance that not only the family in the play faces, but the African American community as a whole. American society only allows for African AmericansRead MoreAnalysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesDream Deferred A dream is a goal in life, not just dreams experienced during sleep. Most people use their dreams as a way of setting future goals for themselves. Dreams can help to assist people in getting further in life because it becomes a personal accomplishment. Langston Hughess poem Dream Deferred is speaks about what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. The poem leaves it up to the reader to decide what dream is being questioned. In the opening of the poem the speaker usesRead MoreLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun1260 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable, people still dream of catching a mirage. There is a fine line that separates those who are oblivious to this fact, and to those who are aware and accept this knowledge. The people who are oblivious represent those who are ignorant of the fact that their dream will be deferred. This denial is the core of the concept used in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. The perception of the American Dream is one that is highly subjective, but every individual dream ends in its own deferment

The Necessity of Urban Local Government Institutions Free Essays

Asia Research Centre Working Paper 19 Challenges for Urban Local Governments in India Written by Rumi Aijaz Rumi Aijaz was Visiting Research Fellow at Asia Research Centre in 2006. E-mail: rumi_pvg@rediffmail. com A section of this working paper has been accepted for publication in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Asian and African Studies, by Sage Publications Ltd. We will write a custom essay sample on The Necessity of Urban Local Government Institutions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Copyright  © Rumi Aijaz, 2007 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce this Working Paper or any part thereof should be sent to the author, and to the editor at the address below: Asia Research Centre (ARC) London School of Economics Political Science Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE www. lse. ac. uk/collections/asiaResearchCentre Abstract Urban local government institutions/municipalities are constituted for the maintenance and planned development of urban areas. The objective is to ensure that suitable levels of infrastructure and services are available to the citizens. In many parts of India, the quality of life in urban areas is miserable and the citizens lead a difficult life. To overcome this problem, a series of reforms have been initiated by the Indian government to strengthen local-level governance. The main purpose of this working paper is to describe the major issues of governance at the local level and to identify some important challenges for urban local government institutions in India in the light of recent urban sector reforms. This assessment is based on data collected from six urban centres situated in three northern/north-western states (namely Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttaranchal) of India on key urban local government characteristics – constitution and governance, duties, composition, management and finance practices, state/local-level initiatives and problems. The findings of this study show that urban local governments in India continue to remain plagued by numerous problems, which affect their performance in the efficient discharge of their duties. These problems relate to the extent of participation and rule of law in the municipal decisionmaking process, transparency in the planning and implementation of infrastructure projects, and level of efficiency in various municipal management and finance practices. It is concluded that fresh thinking is necessary to resolve the problems confronting urban local governments in India. 7 7 H H P ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? G  ¤ ? ? ?   3   ¤ ?  ? ?   ¦  F   $   ? %   ¦ !   ! I E ! 8 7 ? ? ? ? ?  ¤ ?  %   ) ?  ¤ ? ( % ?   § ?  ? )    ¤   ?    ¦ ? $  #  ?  §  †  ? !  ¦    ¤  §    ¤   ¦ ?   § ?  ¦ ? ? (   ? B @ 0 9  %  ? 3 3 8 D 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? % ? C ? $  ¦ ?   %  ?  ? B ?  3  ? A       ?   ¦    @  9  %  ? 3 3 8 4 6 7 0 ? ? 4 1 ? 0 ?  ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How to cite The Necessity of Urban Local Government Institutions, Essay examples

Accounting Standards The Prospective Clients

Question: Describe about the Accounting Standards for The Prospective Clients. Answer: Introduction: There are different factors, which needs to be ascertained before acceptance of the auditory services, the important factor, which needs to be done, involves is initial screening process for the prospective clients before the offer is being accepted. The integrity is also ensured by providing the client with the non-audit services and adherence to the different set of the regulatory rule for the regulation of the ethical guideline suggested by the auditory practices along with the objectivity of the preparation of the audit report. The degree of the audit varies business to business based on the historical information (aasb.gov.au 2016). The management based on the preparation of the financial statement also exerts the amount of the influence. The degree of the incompatibility among the objectives of the executive with the senior management is also shown with the financial statements. The introduction of the new accounting concepts and the problems in the financial statements during the past two decades has reemphasized then significance for a reliable and robust framework of auditing. This is required to address the various types of the issues related to unethical practices and the use of unethical corporate behaviors, material misstatements and managerial decisions (Hagemann et al.2015). It has been further observed that the changing set of the audit guidelines in the financial statement around the world has shown various types trends for a more standardized set of regulations needed for the publication of the finance, statement and annual, reports. The standardization process needs to comply with the preparation of the audit transparency report. Different types of observed cases relating to One Tel, AIG, Enron and Lehman Brothers is able to show the level of the understanding of the misstatements in the financial reports. The increasing problem of the agency costs has led to the conflict in the regulation of an auditory framework. The report provides a set of systematic auditory guideline, which is useful for solving the problems in the given study. The answers are prepared following the international auditory guideline. In addition to this the discussion takes into consideration the different types of audit risk relating to BSF Limited (Pelkmans et al.2012). Determinants to be selected prior to accepting audit engagement: The existence of accounting scandals from the misrepresentations due to the financial reports including the delay in auditory proceedings related to the independence of external audit selection of clients make the overall auditing process more crucial. It has been further mentioned that before the acceptance of contract related to audit and auditor requires creating a fundamental standard check related to disclosure of the different types of auditory processes (Ato.gov.au. 2016). It needs to be further evaluated that the auditors need to assess the risks involved with integrity of the overall auditory proceedings. It has been further observed that the framework evaluation of the auditors is based on the prepared financial statements. The financial statement is prepared as per the required conceptual framework as per the accounting guidelines by the management (Rogowska 2015). It has to be further noted that the primary functions takes into consideration the acceptance for the audit assignment and investigates the relationship, which BSF enjoys with the previous accountants in terms of claims made in the liability section. It has been further observed that the examination of previous records helps BSF Limited to assess the criminal proceedings and enforced directives against the company based on the historical data. It has been considered that the reputation related to the previous employment is important for the members such as a board of directors, Chief Executive Officer and chief financial officer of the company. The forms which are responsible for swapping of auditors makes a tough to determine the forms transparency, sustainability and profitability on the basis of ethical grounds following the relevant auditory procedures (Sturm et al.2012). The record of the different types of regulatory procedures helps to frame the actions taken upon the corporate houses display the ineffective control mechanism. It is critical to review the history collections imposed against BSF Limited for evaluating the effectiveness of internal management structure. It has been further observed that the high amount of revenue observed in the section of cash management has shown several inefficiencies in the internal structure and it has further made it a challenge for the company to accept the different types of audit assignment. Due to the fact that that the turnover ratio related to the revenues of the company had been high, the management has demonstrated itself to be inefficient in the internal structuring. It has further made a challenge for the company to accept the various types of audit assignment. The process related to the audit engagement is based on a give-and-take relationship among the client and the different types of external audi tors. Hence, it needs to be considered that the degree of the company in involvement in the several types of non-auditory process also needs to be taken into account. The history of the issues relating to HIH insurance, Enron and Fannie Mac has shown that most of the companies rely themselves on the external auditors and for the different types of services associated to the activities in the non-audit sectors (Porter et al. 2013). Factors to be considered on the inherent, control and detection risks of BSF LTD: The research proposal undertaken by BSF is particularly complex in nature and therefore the various types of risk present in auditing of the company are considered very high. It has been further observed that the research fields are highly sensitive in terms of obsolescence for the emerging technologies and the various types of research findings and developmental activities undertaken by BSF Limited has envisaged the presence of a high degree of the prevalent risk. It has been further stated that the degree of misstatements in the non-financial and financial statements because of omission and errors has contributed to the rising level of inherent risk. It has been further observed that the judgments of auditors related to appropriateness of auditory evidence is relied on the degree of uncertainties related to material misstatements of financial figures and accounting data (Holm-Nielsen and Kirchovas 2012). The different types of inherent risks tends to consider the misrepresentations or misstatements made in varied financial statements before taking into account the viability of internal control system. At the initial process the auditory proceedings related to the inherent risk, they are beyond the reach of control of an auditor (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). It should be further noted that an auditor is responsible for assessing the inherent risk during collection of audit evidence. The degree of inherent risk is responsible for displaying the shift from the initial proceedings of an audit work progress. Control risk refers to the risk arising because of flaws in the internal controlling mechanisms in the accounts of clients book leading to accounting errors and false presentation of financial reports. It is to be further observed that the various types of control risk may often lead to non-detection in the material error or exclude the mechanisms of internal control. The robustness of the internal control is very essential for the purpose of fraud detection and to detect the anomalies present in financial data. The risk reduction also encompasses the various types of risks related to failure as a part of the audit activities in terms of detecting frauds and anomalies in the financial statements. In general, the detection risks the prevalent when the various types of audit evidences are not sufficient for detecting material misstatement or material omission (Lane, Hough and Bostock 2014). Audit risk= Detection Risk*control risk*inherent risk Hence Audit risk = (0.80*0.50*0.90) = 0.036*100 = 3.6% In the current situation my sustainable feeds Limited has shown considerably a due amount of control risk was further depicts that the company needs to improve its internal control system in order to make sure it does not show any sort of pertinent activities and material misstatements and future. Even though the presence of inherent risk is considered high, it is susceptible to change once the audit process is initiated. The existence of the tools for uncertainty detection needs to be diverted to the presence of reduction for risk which will have a positive impact on lowering the audit uncertainties. Moreover, at a level of 3.6% audit risk the audit form of BSF can consider to accept the assignment (Hall 2016). Discussions on the factors to be included in audit program of BSF LTD: The discussions on the fact that include the different types of audit program relevant to a particular situation of auditory technique, which needs to be applied to achieve the desired audit objective. The audit program needs to include the various stages of the verification and examination of the relationship of the auditory process with others. The shift in terms of the degree of operations, products and nature of business requires the auditory program to be customized as per the clients requirements (Pelkmans et al.2014). The different types of the program related to the specific item needs and the generalized item needs to be done in the following way. Assessment of past audit records of the company and making an investigation into the previous auditory procedures undertaken at BSF Limited Guideline evaluation related to safety of the research activities and making modifications into the audit program for acceptance of the safety standard related to the experimentation and laboratory activities with relevance to development in fish feeds. Arranging a meeting with executives and managers for the purpose of research and development activities to be carried out in the company. Examining the minutes related to the meetings for the modifications or changes which is to be implemented in the current research process Making an investigation into the disposal of machinery for the purpose of development of fish feeds Making an investigation to check the degree of inclusion or exclusion of newer sets of employer requirements in organization evaluation of the findings related to the previous auditory reports and compliance standards of the various activities of the company Making and review of the results from the different types of regulatory inspections which has been arising from the operations of the company In case of arising of adverse results made by regulatory authority, the audit team requires two discussed with the management for an appropriate and amicable remedy for the problem Reviewing the hierarchy of the company in terms of research and developmental activities after performing financial statements of the company Taking a note of the significant items which is required for further evaluation process Initiation of inspections related to plants of the company Examining the external structure of client premises Making and verification of experiments a laboratory and field test performed by a company Making and verification in the regulation for trial process by using controlled set of samples Taking into account the validity of reports related to hazard analysis reviewing of activities pertaining to corrective measures in developing sustainable feeds Making an inspection of purchase invoices with regards to inputs considered for the development and experimentation of fish feeds. Issues, which may arise for RD transactions: As per the AASB 1011 norms the broad category of activities related to research and development results in providing of classification for the different types of activities related to research and developmental activities based on different factors. The most critical factor for classification in terms of research and development includes both natural science and social science. It has to be further noted that the standards also reiterates the fact of the subsequent result from the developmental activities which has high probability for creation and development in the nature of production are planning of preproduction activities (Kaivo-oja et al. 2014). The research and the development activities at BSF Limited are related to discoveries made in newer horizons for the purpose of improving the production in fisheries and it is also a towards the development of the knowledge and various research findings. As per the AASB 1011 guidelines the expenses need to be apportioned at the research and development activities are considered to be as a nature which are integrated in a particular domain of research activities. The government has white a tax relief of 40% to BSF Limited as per the new budget guidelines stated in the year 2014-2015. The offsetting of tax by a 40% tax rate is due to the turnover at BSF Limited, which is $ 20 million every year. The relaxation of $ 500 can only be obtained if the company is able to maintain the expenses within $ 100 for every year. Hence, the grant is to be considered on conditional basis. It has been further observed that the payment of grant is based on the advance and is to be therefore treated as prepayment unless the conditions based on the ground have been successfully fulfilled. The treatment of books of accounts for receiving the grants for next five years is to be done through the following journal entries: Date Particulars Amount (Dr) Amount (Cr) 2013 Cash A/C.Dr 500,000,000 To CSIRO A/C 500,000,000 (Being received the grant from CSIRO for scientific research) 2014 Research and Development A/CDr 360,000,000 To Cash A/C 360,000,000 (Being expenses borne four research activities) 2014 Plant Feed A/C.Dr 360,000,000 To Research and Development A/C 360,000,000 (Being payment made in cash for plant-based feed) 2015 Research and Development A/C...Dr 160,000,000 To Cash A/C 160,000,000 (Being cash payment made towards research activities) 2015 Development Cost A/C.Dr 160,000,000 To Research and Development A/C 160,000,000 (Being payment made in cash for expenses related to research and development activities) It has been further observed the different types of the assumptions taken into consideration by the government needs to be given to BSF as a separate expense. This needs to be allocated for the purpose of expenditure of research and patent. The total amount of $ 100 Million obtained every year is needed to be allocated in the expenditure relating to scientific area. Any amount pertaining to exceed the same shall be treated as capital expenditure on the patents. Arguments pertaining to signing of triple-bottom line addendum: According to Clemente (2015), the arguments related to the field of development of animal feedstock and fishes have displayed the tremendous ability for improvements over the past 10 years. The presence of a minor acid in the stock of aquaculture provides the necessary nutrient requirements for fish species, which display a higher growth potential. The cultured aqua species, which is primary in terms of shrimp, trout and salmon, have led to the emergence of high-protein feed with high intake of enriched with omega 3 variant. The consideration of lipid rich pellets in the feeds provided to the fishes is intended for human consumption has shown the overall improvement in the outer portion of the membrane and bone density of the fishes. Hence, it makes less susceptible in terms of damage for the indoor refrigeration. The different types of changes in the role of reduction fisheries have shown the improvement in overall marine and fish production. It was observed that in the 1980s and 19 90s there was a drop in the fishery activity and this is directly led to the increasing requirement of fishes, which were previously not consumed. Indirectly these are considered to be of high value. It has been further noted that the inclusion of other forms of aquaculture feeds for fisheries such as Glutton, soya beans, canola and various other forms of proteins. These have been observed to be derived from the plant and led to the reduction in overall cost of feedstock thereby providing a high level of nutrients to the fishes (Temu et al. 2013). Evaluation on prospectus: The inclusion of patent with regard to treatment of bacteria based technology in terms of production of methane feats has not been acquired by bio sustainable feeds limited, as it is observed that the RD activities are continued as per the data group provided in the case study. It has been further stated in the case study the lower amount of success achieved by bio sustainable feeds Ltd is due to the use of bacteria based bio sustainable feeds. Although, the company successful in securing the patent rights in form of feedstock it is not correct to assume that it enjoys the exclusive privileges for using bacteria based bio feeds. Through the various types of discussions it can be observed, and auditor cannot say that BSF Limited owner of the patent of the technologies related to bacteria feed. The auditor also cannot state that the company has the sole right of manufacturing the same. The development of the different types of prototype such as the trout has shown decreased by 10% rela ting to the growth in the absence of fish feeds. Therefore the growth relating to the non-presence of the fish feeds date for the complete removal of the same from the diet as it is not viable include any form of alternate dietary nutrients (Patton-Mallory, Skog and Dale 2012). Conclusion: The report states the overview of treatment of governmental grants awarded to BSF Limited. The report further illustrates the definition of scientific expenditure and discovers that the developmental operations carried out by the company directly comes under the view of research and development expenditures. It has been further observed that the decisions made in the acceptance of the audit engagements has been accessed based on the present guidelines and best industry practices. The discussions of the past records relating to the investigation of the turnover ratios by the management team related to the frequency of the involvement of the company has given the reason for audit engagement. It can be further assume that the guidelines related to the research and developments are considered for the purpose of analysis By BSF Limited. The rates are exempted and enjoyed by the company as per the government grants and has revealed that the company is entitled to get an exemption of 45% ov er the $500 million grants given by the government. This is subject to the fulfillment of conditions which is required by the company spend an amount exceeding $ 100 million which is above the research and development of plant and aqua based feed. The assessment made in terms of the accounting treatments has been done concerning the patents. It has been further revealed that the company is set to gain more than $ 700 million depending on the rate of development of sustainable aqua feeds. References and Bibliography: Aasb.gov.au. (2016). Accounting standards. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Current-standards.aspx [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Canestrino, R., Magliocca, P. and Guarino, A., 2016. Environmental sustainability and organic wine production: evidences from italian industry.MERCATI E COMPETITIVIT. Chandran, S. and Mesta, J.N.P.N., 2013. Adopting Clustering Approaches-Ecology Integrated Sustainable Development of Uttara Kannada. Clemente, J., 2015. Bio-Fooled. Dewil, R. and Appels, L., 2014. Anaerobic digestion as a key technology in bio-energy production: Current achievements and challenges. Hagemann, H., Kies, U. and Schulte, A., 2015. Sustainability certification of short rotation coppice in Germany.Bioenergy from Dendromass for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas. Hall, M., 2016. Techno-Environmental Analysis of Generating Animal Feed from Wasted Food Products. Holm-Nielsen, J.B. and Kirchovas, S., 2012. SUSTAINABLE BIOMASS POTENTIALS FOR FOOD-FEED-FUELS IN THE FUTURE.ESPACIOS PARA LA BIOENERGA EN CHILE, p.5. Kaivo-oja, J., Panula-Ontto, J., Vehmas, J. and Luukkanen, J., 2014. Relationships of the dimensions of sustainability as measured by the sustainable society index framework.International Journal of Sustainable Development World Ecology,21(1), pp.39-45. Komives, K. and Jackson, A., 2014. Introduction to voluntary sustainability standard systems. InVoluntary Standard Systems(pp. 3-19). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Krug, M., Rabczuk, G. and Cenian, A., 2015. Addressing Sustainability Risks of BioenergyPolicy Strategies and Corporate Initiatives Energy and Power Engineering. Lane, A., Hough, C. and Bostock, J., 2014. The long-term economic and ecologic impact of larger sustainable aquaculture. Madan, M.E., 2012, February. Environmental Auditing As A Management Tool For Evaluation Of Category Wise Biomedical Waste [bmw Rules, 1998] And Its Practices In Hospitals In India. InInternational Journal of Engineering Research and Technology(Vol. 1, No. 5 (July-2012)). ESRSA Publications. Patton-Mallory, M., Skog, K.E. and Dale, V.H., 2012. Integrated Forest Biorefineries: Sustainability Considerations for Forest Biomass Feedstocks.Integrated Forest Biorefineries, (18), p.80. Pelkmans, L., Devriendt, N., Goovaerts, L. and Schouwenberg, P.P., 2012. Prospective study: Implementation of sustainability requirements for biofuels and bio-energy and related issues for markets and trade.IEA Bioenergy,40, p.38. Pelkmans, L., Goovaerts, L., Goh, C.S., Junginger, M., van Dam, J., Stupak, I., Smith, C.T., Chum, H., Englund, O., Berndes, G. and Cowie, A., 2014. The role of sustainability requirements in international bioenergy markets. InInternational Bioenergy Trade(pp. 125-149). Springer Netherlands. Porter, W.P., Horn, M.J., Cooper, D.M. and Klein, H.J., 2013. Auditing laboratory rodent biosecurity programs.Lab animal,42(11), p.427. Rogowska, D., 2015. The system of biofuels sustainability in Poland.Nafta-Gaz,71(7), pp.487-493. Sturm, B., Butcher, M., Wang, Y., Huang, Y. and Roskilly, T., 2012. The feasibility of the sustainable energy supply from bio wastes for a small scale breweryA case study.Applied Thermal Engineering,39, pp.45-52. Temu, S.G., Mshandete, A.M. and Kivaisi, A.K., 2013. Tanzania palm oil industry: Auditing and characterization of oil palm wastes potential bioresource for valorization.Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences (JCBPS),4(1), p.804.

Very famous play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Very famous play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay Setting: I have decided to set my version of the play Romeo and Juliet in a modern day period. I will set my scene (image) in Africa. The main issue between the Capulets and Montagues will be race. The Capulets are a renowned English family and the Montagues are also a well-known African family whom live in a multi-cultural society in the famous city, Cairo. Race in the society will be conveyed to the audience as a very sensitive issue resulting to a lot of racial hatred amongst the people of Cairo. I have decided to use the language used initially in the play, which in my opinion will be a lot more effective than the modern day English We will write a custom essay on Very famous play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Setting of Stage: The stage will be set as according to the initial setting in the play, which is a public place. I have decided to set the stage as a beach, which in my opinion is an ideal location as a public place. The stage will be filled with people giving the image that its a public place and in the centre of the stage there will be a division immediately emphasizing to the audience the racial tension amongst this society. At the opening of act 3 scene1, I would advice the actors playing Mercutio and Benvolio to enter from right-hand side of the stage, as it would look more appropriate seen as their racial group is also on the right side of the stage. Mercutio will enter first by making his entrance loud, joyous and vivacious this will be conveyed in the form of Mercutio singing and dancing immediately giving the impression to the audience that he is a very cynical character. Soon after Mercutio entrance, Benvolio will enter following him closely; as he enters he will be shouting for Mercutio-Mercutio, Mercutio, my dear friend Mercutio. Both Characters walk towards the centre (division line) with Mercutio in front greeting his associates as he passes by and Benvolio following him closely emphasizing fear by his facial expression. The atmosphere on stage overall will be positive, joyous and very lively as the lights are shining brightly on stage creating the image of a hot day, with the sun at its peak. Although the atmosphere is positive there will be clear emphasis of the racial tension as members of both group are very cautions to not step over the division line. As Mercutio and Benvolio reach centre stage (division line), Benvolio caringly places his hand on Mercutios shoulder pleading him to retire in a very persuasive tone. As he wipes his immense forehead he continues to read lines 2-4, The day is hot, the Capels are abroad, And if we meet we shall not escape a brawl, For now these hot days, is the mad blood stirring As Benvolio reads the above lines he constantly looks around the stage in fear of the Capulets arrival, this can also be seen by the constant removal of sweat from his forehead. Mercutio replies to Benvolio in a sarcastic but also serious tone by firstly removing Benvolios hand from his shoulder, slowly and walking carelessly away him whilst reading lines 5-8 Thou art like one of these fellows that, when he enters the Confines of a tavern, claps me his sword upon the table, and says God send me no need of thee!; and by the operation of the second Cup draws him on the drawer, when indeed there is no need Benvolios appears concerned of the accusations made about him by Mercutio, whom seems so careless that ignores the concerned Benvolio and continues to read out the lines above. Benvolio who is standing stationary at centre stage confused and worried by the accusations made by his fellow friend, Mercutio, turns and walks towards him. As he approaches Mercutio from the back he reads the following line: Am I like such a fellow? Mercutio turns to face the concerned Benvolio who is standing behind him, and reads lines 10-12 in an eased tone placing both his hands on Benvolios shoulders. Benvolio disturbed by Mercutios accusations tries to continue to read line 13, appearing a little confused by what is being said. Mercutio removes his hands and turns around to continue mingling with his associates giving the impression he is not bothered in what Benvolio is saying but still replies. As the conversation between Benvolio and Mercutio continues, Mercutios tone of voice becomes a lot more aggressive and confrontational. This is clear given in the content of his speech (between lines 14-26) in which he ironically accuses Benevolio of being aggressive. Benvolio is distressed by what Mercutio is saying, who seems to be walking further away from him and ignoring the concern he has caused. Mercutio is walking towards right centre stage when Benvolio runs in front of him pleading him to retire as he continues to plead Mercutio to retire he glances around the stage briskly and notices Tybalt entering from the left hand side of the stage. The audience are quickly notified of the fear in Benvolio whom quickly lets go of the hands of Mercutio, which he was holding whilst pleading him to retire, portraying the fear. This can also be observed by the lights being brought down to a dim shade creating an atmosphere of tension. Mercutio whom seems to not be bothered of the sudden removal of Benvolios hands continues to mingle and dance with his associates. Mercutio walks past Benvolio who is standing in a stationary position in fear and concern of what may happen, immediately runs back infront of Mercutio announcing that Tybalt is one the scene. Again, maintaining his carelessness, Mercutio replies in an ironic tone and continues to dance and sing along with his associates. Tybalt whose appearance alerts the audience as people (public) begin to leave the stage from both sides immediately gives the audience that the outcome to come ahead is looking severe (i.e.perhaps a fight). Tybalt gives the impression he is superior this can be expressed by his entrance and is not impressed by the mockery being made by Mercutio with his loud and sardonic dancing and singing. Trying to remain calm and collective, Tybalt reads lines 32-33 in a calm but tense tone but Mercutio continues to dance and sing loudly alone, all of a sudden there is silence on stage and Mercutio stops dancing and looks around and pretends to have just noticed Tybalt whom is beginning to loose his patience. Mercutio replies to Tybalt who is standing centre stage left (near the division line) and replies in an ironic tone. Tybalt whom at this point is beginning to loose patience with the snide comments made by Mercutio plays along with Mercutios response by adding the following line: .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 , .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .postImageUrl , .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 , .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2:hover , .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2:visited , .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2:active { border:0!important; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2:active , .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2 .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f21c4a82761fa79f4e1a191297e54e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare's Othello - Iago, Master of Cruelty in Essayyou shall find me apt enough to that, sir, and you will give me an occasion Furthermore, Mercutio in an angry but sarcastic tone replies as he walks from left centre stage to right centre stage by crossing the division line. The tension between Tybalt and Mercutio rises as the rule is broken and made a mockery of by the careless Mercutio. Tybalt who begins to draw his weapon but is prevented to doing so by his friend Petruchio whom stops him and reminds him the purpose to why their there. Tybalt whom regains his calmness, once again in a polite but serious tone asks to see Romeo. Benvolio whom is standing stationary right centre stage in fear quickly speaks as there is silent on stage, Mercutio and Tybalt stare eye to eye whilst the tension grows amongst them on stage. Benvolio reads lines 43-46 briskly in fear reminding both Mercutio and Tybalt that they are in a public place. We talk here in the public haunt of men: either withdraw into some private place, or reason coldly of your grievances, or else depart; here all eyes gaze on us. Enter Romeo centre backstage, appearing very gay, dreamy and absent-minded. He approaches centre stage where he greets his full of anger and aggression dear friend Mercutio by hugging him closely emphasizing his affection and strong friendship. He then moves right centre stage where he greets the distraught Benvolio and his other associates. Tybalt moves away from Mercutio and walks towards Romeo where he stands opposite him declaring he would like a word with him. Mercutio whom is rather offended by Tybalt walking away from him makes another snide comment trying to provoke Tybalt to a fight; Tybalt on the other hand carefree walks away from Mercutio and ignores the comment made by him, which increases the frustration in Mercutio. Tybalt hoping to seek revenge from the absent-minded Romeo whom refuses Tybalts challenge to fight and tries to placate him by a peace offering of a hand shake. Tybalt furiously hits away Romeos hand with his foot refusing to do any such thing whilst reading lines 59-60 in a very angry and aggressive tone of voice: Buy, this shall not excuse the injuries that thou hast done to me, therefore turn and draw Romeos response to the above speech read by Tybalt is a shock to everyone in lines 61-65. Mercutio, who is angry by Romeos refusal to fight, challenges Tybalt and provokes him once again in a sarcastic but serious tone, in the following lines, lines 66-68: O calm, dishonourable, vile submission! alla stoccata carries it away Tybalt you rat catcher, will you walk? Tybalt accepts with pleasure the invitation for a fight and draws his gun happily. Tension between the two characters is very strong as both characters look eye to eye as their anger rises. Romeo runs forward from right stage to centre stage in between the two characters pleading them to stop, facing Mercutio, Romeo reads lines 78-81 in great agony holding Mercutios hand to show his love and affection for his dear friend and pleads him to put away his gun. Two gunshots are heard on stage, one shot by Tybalt and the other by Mercutio to signify they are both ready for a fight. Romeo is forcefully removed from Mercutio by him but reluctant to move away Romeo comes back resulting to Romeo and Mercutio on the floor with Romeo on top trying to remove the gun from his friends hand. Tybalt watches the two friends in amusement and sees an ideal opportunity in seeking revenge from Romeo whilst he was on the floor. A gunshot is heard and there is silence on the stage, the lights go out, a loud scream is heard and people running of stage. The lights are put on again very shortly at a very dim shade; lying centre stage is Mercutio with Romeo, Benvolio and his other associates. Romeo lets out a huge sigh of relief not aware that his dear friend is severely injured. As he removes himself from Mercutio he notices blood on his hand, at first he is confused but later sees his dear friend, Mercutio lying beside him sweating in pain, Benvolio runs to Mercutios aid. Romeo tries to console his friend by telling him the wound cannot be very severe and so be brave. Mercutio replies in a sarcastic but also angry tone of voice portraying how severe his pain is by reading lines 88-94. Mercutios tone of voice between lines 88-94 becomes a lot weaker emphasizing the great deal of pain he is in but also becomes a lot more angry also emphasizing his anger towards Romeo for coming between him and Tybalt during the fight. The following line is said with great deal of anger and aggression by Mercutio even though he is in a great deal of pa in; A plague a both houses Although the above line is said by Mercutio numerous times after the fight it is seen as a vital speech, the tone used for this speech by the actor will be very serious with no use of irony as these are the last words heard by this particular actor on stage. The actor should emphasize by his facial expression that the mental wounds these two families have caused him are a lot more severe than the physical wound he is dying from at this present time. This expression should be very clear and visual resulting to the actual speech presented on stage being a lot more effective and successful. Mercutio exits right side stage with the aid of Benvolio and other associates. Romeo sits on the floor at centre stage, crying as a result to Mercutios speech. His facial and body language portray the overall effect of Mercutios speech. There is silence on the stage as the dim shade of light is brought to centre stage focusing on Romeo. Romeo reads lines 100-106 in a very emotional tone with tears running down his face emphasizing his response to what has happened. Suddenly, the lights are drawn back from centre to backstage creating a dim shade on the entire stage. Benvolio runs onto stage from right side stage, calling for Romeo! loudly as he enters. He stands centre right stage shouting for Romeo whilst glancing around the stage, finally he notices Romeo on the floor centre stage, who does not respond when being called for by Benvolio. Benvolio rushes to him at once, placing his hand on his shoulder whilst announcing the dreadful news regarding the death of Mercutio. He reads lines 107-109 very slowly in an emotional tone of voice clearly portraying to the audience that Benvolio himself is disturbed by the horrific news. Romeo is shocked by the news as he does not make any physical movement for a moment and his facial expression emphasizes the shock and devastation due to the death of Mercutio. Romeo whos feeling are confused with a mixture of emotion and aggression of the present situation declares revenge for his dear friends death. Romeo reads lines 110-111 in a very emotional but desperate tone as he sees revenge as the only option left. .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc , .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .postImageUrl , .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc , .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc:hover , .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc:visited , .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc:active { border:0!important; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc:active , .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3fa59fca1c35c0aae66837eb6adcecfc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Was Malvolio's Treatment Justified EssayThis days black fate on moe days doth depend, This but begins the woe others must end. Enter Tybalt left side stage, hurrying onto stage to see what are the outcomes of the action he committed. He stops at left side stage in surprise to see Romeo sitting but soon realises by the emotional state of Romeo it was Mercutio whom he shot and killed by the visual appearance of Romeo on stage who is grieving. Tybalt puts his head down not being able to come to terms to what he has done, Benvolio notices Tybalt standing left stage and whispers to the distressed Romeo that Tybalt is on the scene. The inconsolable Romeo is furious and seeks revenge for the death of Mecutio. In lines113-120 Romeo speaks in an aggressive tone declaring only revenge from Tybalt. Tybalt on the other-hand who feels awful for the death of Mercutio, at first Tybalt refuses the challenge by Romeo but later accepts emphasizing his character as very conniving and devious. Tybalts refusal at first is only made by a facial expression emphasizing he does not seem keen for a fight but later his real characteri stics are shown when he accepts the challenge. Benvolio who tries to console Romeo pleads him not to fight as he sees the only outcome to be fatal. The furious Romeo attacks Tybalt resulting him to lying on the floor. Tybalt struggles to remove the gun from his left ankle whilst on the floor. The aggressive and absent minded Romeo takes out his gun and shoots Tybalt in the chest whilst he is on the floor struggling to get up. There is silence on the stage as Tybalt draws his last breath. Tybalt lies left centre stage, Romeo stands gazing at his body in shock. Benvolio struggles to pull Romeo who is standing stationary with the murder weapon in his hands, Benvolio finally manages to take the confused and shocked Romeo off right-side stage. Enter Tybalts friend Petruchio and associates, they discover Tybalts dead body. Moments later a police officer arrives on the stage questionning people regarding the murders that took place. There is silence on the stage as the Prince enters from centre backstage with the Capulets entering on to the stage from the left side and the Montagues from the right side of the stage. The silence remains on the stage for a few moments till Lady Capulet cries aloud after viewing the body of her dear cousin Tybalt. The Prince is at centre stage where he reads line 132 out aloud Where are the vile beginners of this fray? The silence remains on the stage as the Prince glances around at the people on the stage. Benvolio speaks in a confident and noble tone of voice responding to the Princes question. Benvolio very briefly tells who is responsible for the deaths he does not add any biased views, he simply speaks aloud declaring who killed whom. Lady Capulet cries loudly after hearing that Romeo was responsible for the death of her beloved cousin and declares that the only punishment appropriate is capital punishment. The Prince, taking in account what Lady Capulet has said asks Benvolio in a serious but angry tone (because of all the grief these families have caused this society) what had happened. Bevolio tell the story as it happened and there are no biased views added showing the trustworthy and honest character he is. He begins by explaining how Tybalt helped put himself where he is by killing Mercuito. Benvolio standing directly in front of the Prince tells the story behind the two deaths. The tone of voice used during this speech is very serious and non-biased. His facial expression also is very serious making his speech overall a lot more effective. Lines 143-153 are explained by Benvolio clearly showing the actions of each character especially Tybalt who started this whole fiasco when he killed Mercutio. Benvolio explains in detail how Romeo came between Mercuito and Tybalt during the fight and as a result Mercutio was wounded under Romeos arm. He then moves on to saying in the last lines of his speech, lines 154-165 how the devastated Romeo confused in his emotions over the death of Romeo, he kills Tybalt. It is important that the characters tone of voice does not change during this time because Romeo is a friend of his. Benvolio must maintain his serious and confident tone, as this is a huge reflection to his character. The speech ends at line 166 where Benvolio swears the account of the murders is true. The tone used for this final part of the speech is very trusting and again serious; This is the truth, or let Benvolio die After Benvolios account of the incident that occurred Lady Capulets speaks furiously in a bitter tone of voice, not accepting his account of the incident simply because hes a Montague. She also declares once again to the Prince that Romeo must be given the Capital Punishment and nothing less. Hearing Lady Capulet, Lady Montague cries out aloud that Romeo is not to blame for his actions but Tybalt. Her tone is very serious and pleads the Prince for not capital Punishment. Lady Montague is in tears afraid of what her sons future holds for him and is being comforted by her husband. There is silence on the stage just before the Prince gives the final verdict. The verdict is said in a sorrowful tone but also serious tone as both families were informed of the consequences of such severe actions. The Montagues cry out a loud emphasizing their response to the verdict, whilst the Capulets leave the stage after the Prince (left side stage) not satisfied with the verdict. Benvolio puts his head down, speechless in response to the verdict. The lights go off and the curtains falls, Act 3 scene 1 ends.

Five Steps to Verifying Online Genealogy Sources

Five Steps to Verifying Online Genealogy Sources Many newcomers to genealogy research are thrilled when find that many of the names in their family tree are easily available online. Proud of their accomplishment, they then download all the data they can from these Internet sources, import it into their genealogy software and proudly start sharing their genealogy with others. Their research then makes its way into new genealogy databases and collections, further perpetuating the new family tree and amplifying any errors each time the source is copied. While it sounds great, there is one major problem with this scenario; namely that the family information that is freely published in many Internet databases and Web sites is often unsubstantiated and of questionable validity. While useful as a clue or a starting point for further research, the family tree data is sometimes more fiction than fact. Yet, people often treat the information they find as the gospel truth. Thats not to say that all online genealogy information is bad. Just the opposite. The Internet is a great resource for tracing family trees. The trick is to learn how to separate the good online data from the bad. Follow these five steps and you too can use Internet sources to track down reliable information about your ancestors. Step One: Search for the Source Whether its a personal Web page or a subscription genealogy database, all online data should include a list of sources. The key word here is should. You will find many resources that dont. Once you find a record of your great, great grandfather online, however, the first step is to try and locate the source of that information. Look for source citations and references- often noted as footnotes at the bottom of the page, or at the end (last page) of the publicationCheck for notes or commentsClick on the link to about this database when searching a public database (Ancestry.com, Genealogy.com and FamilySearch.com, for example, include sources for most of their databases)Email the contributor of the data, whether it be the compiler of a database or the author of a personal family tree, and politely ask for their source information. Many researchers are wary of publishing source citations online (afraid that others will steal the credit to their hard-earned research), but may be willing to share them with you privately. Step Two: Track Down the Referenced Source Unless the Web site or database includes digital images of the actual source, the next step is to track down the cited source for yourself. If the source of the information is a genealogy or history book, then you may find a library in the associated location has a copy and is willing to provide photocopies for a small fee.If the source is a microfilm record, then its a good bet that the Family History Library has it. To search the FHLs online catalog, click on Library, then Family History Library Catalog. Use place search for the town or county to bring up the librarys records for that locality. Listed records can then be borrowed and viewed through your local Family History Center.If the source is an online database or Web site, then go back to Step #1 and see if you can track down a listed source for that sites information. Step Three: Search for a Possible Source When the database, Web site or contributor doesnt provide the source, its time to turn sleuth. Ask yourself what type of record might have supplied the information you have found. If its an exact date of birth, then the source is most likely a birth certificate or tombstone inscription. If it is an approximate year of birth, then it may have come from a census record or marriage record. Even without a reference, the online data may provide enough clues to time period and/or location to help you find the source yourself. Step Four: Evaluate the Source and Information It Provides While there are a growing number of Internet databases which provide access to scanned images of original documents, the vast majority of genealogy information on the Web comes from derivative sources - records which have been derived (copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized) from previously existing, original sources. Understanding the difference between these different types of sources will help you best assess how to verify the information that you find. How close to the original record is your information source? If it is a photocopy, digital copy or microfilm copy of the original source, then it is likely to be a valid representation. Compiled records- including abstracts, transcriptions, indexes, and published family histories- are more likely to have missing information or transcription errors. Information from these types of derivative sources should be further traced back to the original source.Does the data come from primary information? This information, created at or close to the time of the event by someone with personal knowledge of the event (i.e. a birth date provided by the family doctor for the birth certificate), is generally more likely to be accurate. Secondary information, by contrast, is created a significant amount of time after an event occurred, or by a person who was not present at the event (i.e. a birth date listed on a death certificate by the daughter of the deceased). Primary information usually carries m ore weight than secondary information. Step Five: Resolve Conflicts Youve found a birthdate online, checked out the original source and everything looks good. Yet, the date conflicts with other sources youve found for your ancestor. Does this mean that the new data is unreliable? Not necessarily. It just means that you now need to reevaluate each piece of evidence in terms of its likelihood to be accurate, the reason it was created in the first place, and its corroboration with other evidence. How many steps is the data from the original source? A database on Ancestry.com that is derived from a published book, which itself was compiled from original records means that the database on Ancestry is two steps away from the original source. Each additional step increases the likelihood of errors.When was the event recorded? Information recorded closer to the time of the event is more likely to be accurate.Did any time elapse between the event and the creation of the record that relates its details? Family bible entries may have been made at one sitting, rather than at the time of the actual events. A tombstone may have been placed on the grave of an ancestor years after her death. A delayed birth record may have been issued dozens of years after the actual birth.Does the document appear altered in any way? Different handwriting may mean that information was added after the fact. Digital photos may have been edited. Its not a normal occurrence, but it does happen.What do others say about the source? If it is a published book or database rather than an original record, use an Internet search engine to see if anyone else has used or commented on that particular source. This is an especially good way to pinpoint sources which have a large number of errors or inconsistencies. Happy hunting!

Main Features of Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay

Main Features of Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example This is why generating ideas is important, to identity potential innovations in either advertising or actual product development. Certain products and services have limited life cycles, meaning that they move from launch to growth to maturity in shorter periods of time (Keegan and Green, 2009). In order to maintain competitiveness, an entrepreneur must always develop new concepts in order to create products or services with longer sales potential and keep the business distinctive and original from competing firms. Strategic objectives are defined as â€Å"short-term statements that detail specifically how an organisation will achieve its long-term goals† (Nickels, McHugh and McHugh, 2005: 215). Once ideas have been generated about how the business will position itself, it is necessary to set-up and identify the steps required to achieve long-term strategy. This might include conceiving how to establish an organisational structure (vertical or horizontal), how to focus on human resources for people development, or determine advertising strategy. Objectives are important as they serve as a framework for how the business will achieve long-term market position or growth. Market analysis and market research Boone and Kurtz (2005) again identify the importance of market analysis, which is understanding what consumers value, their purchasing preferences and their lifestyle or family trends. A business must conduct either qualitative or quantitative research to determine how to segment customers for marketing and also how to target them effectively with promotions, pricing and advertising. The company can perform surveys or questionnaires, as two examples, in order to determine how it will provide effective products and services that will be appreciated and adopted by selected target customers. It is necessary for the entrepreneur to understand these consumer attitudes in a variety of different dimensions for the business to be able to compete successfully. Mark et analysis is about gaining knowledge of buyer behaviour and then applying customer service principles that will best satisfy customer needs. Market analysis is also about understanding the different forces that impact business success or will contribute to its failure. Michael Porter developed a framework known as the Five Forces Model that describes risk of competition, supplier and buyer power in the market, and threat of substitute products (Porter, 2011). A business needs to understand the volume of competition in the industry in order to develop a risk management model. Since entrepreneurs will also be procuring inventories from various vendors, the business needs to conduct market analysis to understand how much leveraging power it will have against suppliers and how to establish an efficient supply and value chain framework. It is vital to have knowledge of how the external market operates and this can only be accomplished through market analysis processes, such as PEST ana lyses. Understanding competition â€Å"To differentiate means to create a benefit that customers perceive as being of greater value to them than what they can get elsewhere† (Zwierzynski, 2009: 1). An entrepreneur must understand what competition is doing in terms of product delivery, service principles, or even advertising in order to create a unique market positioning strategy. Without knowledge of what competition is performing in the industry, it will be impossible to innovate to make differentiated products

Eminent Domain and the Taking of Private Land by Governmental Entity Term Paper

Eminent Domain and the Taking of Private Land by Governmental Entity - Term Paper Example Brigham, that the right to own property and to possess it is a valuable and protected right. It is within this context that the right to made whole is interpreted. In making the owner whole under eminent domain, the courts must not confine quantification of damages to mere compensation for the value of the property. The courts must also take account of the expense that the proceedings will undoubtedly put on an unwilling private owner. It therefore follows that in making the owner whole, the government must take responsibility for all costs incurred by the owner in challenging the proceedings and proving damages.3 Therefore the significance of the right to own property is reflected in substantive and procedural laws that accompany eminent domain. As demonstrated in the Dade County ruling, the mere taking of property with compensation for the value of the property will not amount to just compensation. Compensation understandably must put the owner in the position that he or she would have been in but for the takings. This means the expenses that the owner is forced to undertake pursuant to the takings’ proceedings must be accounted for. Thus the constitutional basis of property rights is supported by the property owner’s right not to be deprived of his or her property without due process. Specifically, Article 1, Section 2 of Florida’s Constitution provides that â€Å"no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law†.4 Due process has been established to mean that the individual in question shall be accorded the opportunity to be heard and to challenge any intended action to deprive the individual of his or her private property.5 Thus procedural fairness is required in the deprivation of private property under Florida’s Constitution. Therefore reasonable notice and the administration of justice via a fair hearing are prerequisites for the taking of private property by the state in Florida purs uant to Florida’s constitution. Procedural due process however, can have different implications depending on the legal context. This is because procedural due process is tied to substantive due process.6 The connection between procedural fairness and substantive fairness lies in the general imposition of the right to challenge governmental taking of private property.7 Procedural fairness refers to the process that official must follow in depriving a citizen of his or her property. In this regard, the degree of procedural fairness typically corresponds with the severity of the proprietary right at risk. Substantive fairness proceeds on the basis that the law permitting deprivation of property is constitutional and presumes that any law that encroaches upon human rights is unconstitutional and therefore not valid.8 Deprivation of property conceivably invokes two different legal contexts, both of which can be deemed serious proprietary rights: police powers and eminent domain. P olice powers refer to the right of states to legislate for the protection of safety, health and morals.9 Thus police powers do not technically deprive the individual of his or her property, but rather deprives the individual of the right to use his or her property as he or she sees fit.10 Police powers are typically associated with ordinances and regulatory frameworks relative to zoning, building codes, health/safety standards, rent controls and city planning.11 These police powers are

Sustainable Stakeholder Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Sustainable Stakeholder Capitalism - Essay Example In this regard, many others lost their jobs, as their employers were not able to sustain the labor force. Surprisingly, there was a ray of hope in this crisis as other investors saw this as an opportunity to maximize on their potential. It brought to light the idea of conventional capitalism, credit risking financially and educative management of economic prosperity towards sustainable stakeholder capitalist. Subsequently, this paper will give an elaborate on the model of sustainable stakeholder capitalism applied by discussing the three main factors that contributed to the unethical economic surroundings of the global crisis. Further, it will highlight the three steps that responsible business pace setters need to incorporate into their function in order to improve on an acceptable economic environment for the conduction of businesses in future. The implementation of alternate education management system solely depends on three factors. First, the immensity of the pain inflicted on the key stakeholders within the applied management system that relies on business assumptions would be the first factor. Here, the duration at which the pain inflicted on them lasts shall factor in. In addition, the prolonged suffering brought about by the crisis accords the business leaders the rights to not only criticize the managerial conventional systems but also to propose a model that will suit them. The second factor would be the economic balance globally and continued use of the opted model. The model approach was to be one that had the interests of everyone in mind for it to be effective when implemented. Thirdly, the moral aspect of the model opted for was to be a universally accepted approach. Sustainable stakeholder capitalism (SSC) was one of the ways of implementing the alternate education mode (Petrick 105). It incorporated update d scientific approaches to the

English And Vietnamese Prepositions Contrastive Analysis Cultural Studies Essay

English And Vietnamese Prepositions Contrastive Analysis Cultural Studies Essay Prepositions are words used to connect nouns or noun structures to other structures in a sentence. They exist in both English and Vietnamese language systems. However, prepositions have different characteristics and usage in each language. The use of prepositions may cause lots of trouble for Vietnamese people when learning English and vice versa. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing English and Vietnamese prepositions in a contrastive view, especially in showing direction and location so that leaners can find it easier to learn them. This paper also supplies some implications for teaching prepositions which can be useful for those who teaching English or Vietnamese. Through these implications, I hope that they can help teachers know how to help students use prepositions correctly and appropriately. Literature Review Prepositions in English Definition According to Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary, a preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method. Another definition is that a preposition may be defined as connecting word showing the relation of a noun or a noun substitute to some other words in the sentence (the squirrel in the tree; the preposition in shows the relationship between the squirrel and the tree.) (Prepositions: definition and usage, n.d). From these definitions, we can come to a conclusion about the function of a preposition which is it is used to connect nouns and noun structures with other structures in a sentence. Prepositions that we often use in everyday life are: with, at, by, to, in, for, from, of, on. It is estimated that these prepositions make up for ninety percent of preposition usage. The part following a preposition is called its object. The object of a preposition can be a noun, a pronoun, a gerund or a noun clause. For example, we have: a noun: We gave a present to our  secretaries. a  pronoun: We gave a present to  them. a  gerund: We thought about  giving  a present to them. a  noun clause: We thought about giving a present  to whoever worked for us. (Lougheed, n.d) Form Prepositions are often in one-word form; however, there are also other prepositions with more than one word. They are made up with two or three words. For example, we have on behalf of, in front of, in accordance with, in line with, in relation to and so on. Another form is called prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases are groups of words that begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun. Some phrases are used commonly and in a number of situations such as acting as an adjective  or an  adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened. (Prepositions: Locator in time and place, n.d). Examples of these prepositional phrases are out of work, at any rate, by means of, in person, under orders, from now on and so forth. Besides, there are some called marginal prepositions which are verbal in forms, such as concerning, considering, including, pending and more. Usage Prepositions are used with a lot of functions including time, location, manner, means, quantity, purpose, and state or condition. Regarding to prepositions of time, there are some prepositions like at, on, in, from, since, for, during, to, till/until, after, afterwards, by.before and so forth. For example, we have: at six oclock, on Monday or in the evening. Another usage of prepositions is to show location. Some belong to this category are in,at,on,next to,beside, behind,in front of,opposite,near,on top of,under,above and so on. For example, Jone  lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham, She lives in Durham or Mary is sitting next to me. Prepositions of movement include: from,to,at,into,out of,towards,on,onto,across,through,around,along,up. For instance, he ran out of the room or Mary run towards the walls. Other usages are listed below. Means or agent: by: He was hit by a ball. from: His success results from careful planning . in: He takes pleasure in it. on: They live on bread and water. with: He chased the mongoose with a stick. Manner: by: By doing it yourself in: He left in confusion. like: He looks like a hero. on: I swear it on my word of honor. with: He ate it with a fork. State or condition: at: My friend is at work. by: They are by themselves in: He is in a state of confusion on: He is on duty (scheduled to work). for: I mistook you for someone else. as: I see her as a good person . Quantity or mesure: for: We drove for twenty miles. by: We bought them by the kilo Purpose: for: He bought it for an emergency. She went to the city for sightseeing. He loved her for her thoughtfulness. (Prepositions: definition and usage, n.d) Vietnamese Prepositions Definition Like English, Vietnamese also has a category of word which is similar to prepositions. We may call this category Vietnamese equivalent of English preposition. To make it simple, some people prefer to use the name preposition. Nevertheless, the notion preposition in Vietnamese is a quite complicated issue because some linguists have claimed that prepositions do not exist in Vietnamese. Yet, according to Tuc (2003), although the distinction between prepositions and serial verbs in Vietnamese is not always clear-cut, Vietnamese prepositions do exist (p.69). In his book, he also gave many examples to prove his opinion. Moreover, nowadays, in many books of teaching Vietnamese for foreigners, the name preposition is often used. Therefore, to be convenient, the name Vietnamese preposition is used for equivalent of English preposition in Vietnamese in this paper. Types of prepositions in Vietnamese According to Tran (2007) there are two main types of preposition in Vietnamese: prepositions of time and location. In addition, there are some other prepositions called miscellaneous ones. Prepositions of time are và  o (in, on, at), trong or suà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt (during), trÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc (before), sau (after), kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « khi (since) and cho tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi khi (until). In terms of prepositions of location, there are trà ªn (on, above, over), trong (in, inside), chung quanh (around), bà ªn phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i (on the right of), cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡nh (next to) and so on. Finally, miscellaneous prepositions conclude cho (for), và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi (with), và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  (about), nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  (thanks to), bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸i (by) and so forth. Here are some examples about how these prepositions are used in sentences. Their usage in Vietnamese is similar to in English. Time: Tà ´i thÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng dà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­y và  o sà ¡u già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  sà ¡ng (I usually get up at six am) Trong bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯a tià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡c cà ´ à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y khà ´ng nà ³i gà ¬ cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £. (She said nothing during the party) Location: Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n tà ´i sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng à ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ Sà  i Gà ²n (My friend lives in Saigon) Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £o tà  ng nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±m bà ªn phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i tià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡m sà ¡ch cÃ…Â © (The museum is located on the right of the used bookstore) Miscellaneous: Là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i Ä‘Ã ¢y ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi tà ´i! (Come and sit with me) Nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º mua hoa cho tà ´i nhà ©. (Remember to buy flowers for me, OK?) Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi tà ´i, chuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Ä‘Ã ³ khà ´ng quan trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng (That issue doesnt matter to me) (Tran, 2007) Contrast between English and Vietnamese prepositions The notion preposition is quite an interesting issue. There may be so many things to say if we compare prepositions in English with those in Vietnamese in a large scale. Nonetheless, within this paper, I only make a contrast between English and Vietnamese prepositions in two aspects: prepositions of movement with directional verbs and locative prepositions because they often cause problems for Vietnamese people when learning English and vice versa. Prepositions of movement with directional verbs The first difference between English and Vietnamese prepositions is related to directional verbs. In English, directional verbs like come, go and arrive cannot take direct objects. This means they must have a preposition (or a prepositional phrase), bare particle or deictic verbial (bare noun phrase adverb). Since prepositions are being discussed in this paper, the examples with bare particle and deictic verbial are not mentioned. Here are the examples of directional verbs with prepositions Sally has gone  to  New York. Catrin will come  to  Sheffield next month. They arrived at the airport. (Vietnamese online grammar,n.d) In Vietnamese, by contrast, there is no need to use prepositions with these directional verbs because these verbs can take direct objects by themselves. We have these examples: Tuà ¡Ã‚ ºn trÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc cà ´ Ä‘i Luà ¢n Ä Ãƒ ´n (Last week she went to London) Bao già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  cà ´ à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹nh sang Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t Nam? (When does she intend to come to Vietnam?) Mà ¡y.bay xuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng phi-trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng Lià ªn-khang. (The plane landed at Lien khang airport) (Vietnamese online grammar,n.d) Actually, in Vietnamese, there is no preposition which is similar to preposition to in English. The verb Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n (reach, arrive at) is used instead as the following examples: Tà ´i khà ´ng cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  Ä‘i (Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n) bÆ °u Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n I dont have time to go to the post-office Locative prepositions In English, space prepositions state the location of an object without paying attention to the position of the speakers. For example, English people often say: the plane is in the sky, the child is playing in the kitchen, cars run in the street. (McCarty, Pà ©rez, Torres-Guzman,  To, Watahomigie, 2004, p. 150). On the contrary, in Vietnamese, people tend to consider the position of the speakers. They say: mà ¡y bay à ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ trà ªn trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i (the plane is above him or her), Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©a trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ » Ä‘ang chÆ ¡i trong nhà   bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿p (the child is inside the kitchen), nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ng chià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿c xe hÆ ¡i chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡y ngoà  i Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng (cars are outside). Therefore, preposition in can be translated three ways into Vietnamese with three different meanings: trà ªn, trong, ngoà  i. In addition, Tran (2010) mentioned several differences between English and Vietnamese prepositions in terms of semantics and pragmatics. First, when describing the higher position, they take the contact meaning between trajector (Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi tÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £ng Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and landmark (Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi tÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £ng qui chià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u) into consideration.For example, they distinguish the meaning of on, above and over. Meanwhile, Vietnamese people almost do not pay attention to this aspect. They just use the only word trà ªn. Second, when talking about the relation between above (trà ªn) and under (dÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi), English people are always aware of whether or not trajector (Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi tÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £ng Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) is in the vertical reference (và ¹ng quy chià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ³ng Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©ng) of the land marks (Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi tÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £ng qui chià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u) area. That is the reason why they have these words: above / over / on and under / below / beneath. In contrast, Vietnamese people only devide the space into two part above/under (trà ªn/dÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi).To indicate the middle position, English has in the middle of / between (for 2 objects) and among (for 3 objects and more) while Vietnamese use the word già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯a for all these cases. Examples of this kind are summarized in the table below. Notion English prepositions Vietnamese prepositions TRONG in, inside trong NGOÀI out, outside, out of ngoà  i TRÊN on, upon,above,on top of, over,atop Trà ªn DÆ ¯Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¡I under, underneath, beneath, below dÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi TRÆ ¯Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¡C before,in front of, ahead of, preceding trÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc SAU behind, following, at the back of (br), in the back of (ame) Sau BÊN by, near, next to, close to, beside, alongside, to the right/left bà ªn, cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡nh, sà ¡t, gà ¡Ã‚ ºn, kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ , bà ªn phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i, bà ªn trà ¡i GIà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ®A within, among, between, in the middle of, in the midst of già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯a (Tran, 2010) Implications for teaching After having contrasted English and Vietnamese prepositions in two aspects as above, I would like to mention the implications for teaching English at high school in our country. Since learners tend to translate everything into their mother tongue, teachers should be very careful when teaching English, especially prepositions. They need to realize that there is no exact one-to-one translation from English to Vietnamese and vice versa. Referring to the discussion prepositions with directional verbs, we know that when translating a sentence from English to Vietnamese or Vietnamese to English, sometimes we may add or omit the prepositions. For instance, we may not use preposition to with directional verbs in Vietnamese. Moreover, as discussed in the section Locative prepositions above, we can realize that a Vietnamese preposition may have several prepositions which are equivalent to them in English. Therefore, teachers should ask learners to take notice of this issue and know when to use the most appropriate preposition. In sum, to make sure the exact preposition is used, learners should observe how a preposition is used in a certain context. They should not tra nslate directly using prepositions in their language since prepositions can be used differently in different language. Moreover, the difference between Vietnamese and English prepositions is mainly due to semantics and the notion of reference (quan nià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡m quy chià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u), so it is vital that teachers have enough knowledge of these fields to explain to students completely. Culture difference and the habit of using prepositions in each language are also the things that teachers should bear in mind. If teachers are very careful about these things, students may reduce making mistakes when using prepositions. Conclusion In conclusion, preposition is an interesting category in linguistics. There are so many things to discuss about preposition. However, sometimes learners may feel confused about how to use prepositions correctly, especially when Vietnamese prepositions have something different from English prepositions. That is the reason why learners often make mistakes when dealing with prepositions. A contrastive analysis in this area is necessary and important because it shows difference between English and Vietnamese prepositions in relation to direction and location. Directional and locative prepositions are the ones that often causes trouble to students more than other types. After having contrasted them, we can see that English prepositions are more complex than those in Vietnamese. Moreover, the research also suggest some implications for teaching prepositions in Vietnamese high school, so I hope that this research paper will be a piece of useful referent material for those who are interested in teaching a language aspect, particularly preposition.

Aristotle On Ridicule :: essays research papers

In book Four, Chapter Eight of the Ethics, Aristotle applies his philosophical ideals to the concept of humor and good company. He establishes categories and kinds of humor or wit, and sets limits for the behavior that a gentleman and a wise man will accept. At one point, however, he makes the admission that it’s hard to define when ridicule is appropriate. Because people react to ridicule in different ways, according to their temperament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper will examine the second paragraph of Book Four, Chapter Eight, to determine what it is about â€Å"ridicule† that causes Aristotle to break away from his usual method of analysis to consider other ways of looking at the problem. Specifically, the question of why Aristotle says that propriety in ridicule â€Å"eludes definition† will be considered. The problem is that Aristotle defines ridicule in a later part of the same paragraph, in a way that seems not to admit any acceptable forms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking at good and bad company, Aristotle considers it entirely in terms of â€Å"entertaining conversation,† such as humor, wit, or ridicule. He argues that â€Å"adaptability† in the way we talk to people is desirable, since there is a time and a place for everything. The paragraph begins with indirect definitions of two extremes of humor, the buffoon and the humorless person. A buffoon would rather be a fool and hurt people’s feelings than â€Å"fail to raise a laugh†. A man who never cracks a joke is also falling short of the appropriate behavior, which is the gentleman’s ability to give and take gentle humor in a conversation. A â€Å"wit† is someone â€Å"whose pleasantries do not go too far,† and is always ready with a witty remark or a pleasant joke:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...as to the middle state in dealing with the humorous,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  particularly characteristic of that is social tact or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  address, which may be defined as the gift of saying just   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the right things for a gentleman to say and of getting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  others to say such things to him. This seems to be the meaning of â€Å"good or bad company,† where a person gives and takes pleasure in conversation with others, according to the situation and the subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle defines ridicule, he says that it is a form of â€Å"abuse or slander, and slander in certain circumstances is prohibited by law†. How can there be any propriety in a form of abuse or slander? Aristotle seems to avoid the contradiction, going on to say that the proper gentleman will regulate his own behavior.

Couples Should Cohabit Before Marriage

Tanya Givans Mrs. Lamptey English-099 02-09-2010 Couples Should Cohabit before Marriage In the beginning of a relationship, there is a lot of excitement, giddiness, infatuation, lust and romance. As the relationship grows stronger, there are important decisions that need to be made. One in particular is the living arrangements of the couple. There are couples that decide to live together before marriage to see if their partnership will work. Some people are appalled by the fact that a couple would move in together and live as a married couple, because they believe it to be ungodly and that ex and children should only be a result of marriage. However, there are people who do not believe in religion, nor do they care if you live together before marriage or not . Couples should live together before marriage because they will learn more about themselves and each other before taking such a big step. Couples living together prior to marriage will find out if they are financially compatible . Once a couple makes the transition of moving in together, they will see how easy or hard it will be to manage their money. The fact of having one household instead f two will make it easy also all utility, water, grocery, and rent will be split in half. Living together before marriage will help a couple find out if maybe one is too frivolous with their money, and if the situation could be controlled before taking the next step into marriage. For example, maybe the boyfriend will get his paycheck go out to the bar spend and all of his money then come home broke. As a result, the girl is stuck paying the bills for the month. The financial burden of taken care of oneself is hard, but if a partner is irresponsible with their money, it can get expensive. Couples that live together before marriage also will learn more about themselves. After a couple has moved in together, they will have all of these expectations of each other. For example, my husband and I lived together before we were married, during this time we gave up our single lives. There was no partying at the clubs, hanging out with friends, or any nightlife what so ever. So being in this relationship meant that we would be totally devoted to each other. Giving up your single life to join with your partner means losing freedom, and a sense of ones self. Living together before marriage can help one to realize what a relationship is about, and if giving up their single life is what they are willing to sacrifice to share a lifetime with their partner. Marriage should last forever, so living together in advance can help a person realize if this is the life they want. Couples will learn more about their partner when living together before marriage. Hopefully, before a couple moves in together they will know if one another has any manners, bad habits or if one likes to fight. For example, when walking into the kitchen nd your boyfriend is moving the dishes out of the sink before he urinates in it. This would be disgusting and behavior like that is not acceptable. Or, after using the restroom he does not wash his hands. The lack of hand washing could actually be harmful especially if he prepares the family’s dinners. There are also more serious issues like when your partner is angry, will he or she get physically abusive. If a coupl e, has an irreparable problem in the relationship while living together then they can simply move out. Living together teaches a couple about their partners, and tolerance of each ther. In conclusion, some people may say that their religious practices do not allow them to live together before marriage, but I say couples should live together before marriage because they will learn more about themselves, their partners, and it is more convenient financially. Toleration of bad habits and the loss of one’s individualism will come with the territory of living together or being married. So if there are problems in the relationship now that cannot be fixed then it is safe to assume their will be problems if the couple foolishly decides to marry. .